Federal Reserve Chairman Ben S. Bernanke may find the next fronts of the financial crisis to be just as chilling as last month's downfall of Wall Street titans: its spread to corporate America and state and local governments.

Companies from Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. and Duke Energy Corp. to Gannett Co. and Caterpillar Inc. are being forced to tap emergency credit lines or pay more to borrow as investors flee even firms with few links to the subprime-mortgage debacle. California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger says his and other states may need emergency federal loans as funding dries up.

A cash crunch on Main Street would endanger companies' basic functions - paying suppliers, making payrolls and rolling over debt. The widening of the crisis suggests that Bernanke and Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson may have further fires to put out even as the Treasury sets up the $700 billion financial- industry rescue plan approved last week.

``The rest of the economy is clearly being affected right now by the tightness of credit,'' said Kurt Karl, chief U.S. economist at Swiss Reinsurance Co. in New York. ``It's just gathering momentum in the wrong direction.''

The market for commercial paper, which typically matures in 270 days or less and is used to help pay for expenses such as payroll and rent, shrank to a three-year low of $1.6 trillion in the week to Oct. 1, Fed data show.

Gannett, the largest U.S. newspaper publisher, said Oct. 1 it drew on a revolving credit line to ensure it had funds to repay its commercial paper.

Duke, Caterpillar

Duke Energy, the owner of utilities in five U.S. states, last week tapped about $1 billion from a $3.2 billion credit agreement after concluding it may not be able to meet its plan for new financing. Caterpillar, the biggest maker of earthmoving equipment, had to pay the biggest premiums over Treasuries in at least three decades at a sale of five-year and 10-year notes.

``Credit is the lubricant that oils the engine of the economy'' and if it dries up ``then the engine seizes up,'' said Republican Representative Michael Conaway of Texas, who switched his vote last week to support the financial rescue. The inability of a major corporation to renew its short-term loans would have ``a devastating impact on the economy.''

Even as confidence grew that Congress would pass the bailout, banks hoarded cash, indicating the proposed purchases of devalued mortgage assets may not be able to stop the credit crunch from widening.

No `Quick Turnaround'

``It's not going to solve all the problems, and don't expect a quick turnaround,'' said Mickey Levy, chief economist at Bank of America Corp. in New York. ``This is the typical time of the credit cycle where banks are tightening lending standards.''

Corporate bond sales shrank to $1.25 billion last week, capping the worst four-week slump since 1999.

Lending between banks is also seizing up. The gap between the three-month London interbank offered rate and the overnight indexed swap rate, a gauge of cash scarcity among banks, climbed to a record 2.80 percentage points three days ago.

Republican Representative Jerry Moran of Kansas, in an interview with Bloomberg Television, encouraged the Fed to consider guaranteeing loans between banks.